Step Up Chemistry

  Substances in which there is a single bond between two carbon atoms. These are called alkanes. Structure of alkanes: Substances in which there is a double bond between two carbon atoms. These are called alkenes. Structure of alkenes: Substances in which there is a triple bond between two carbon atoms. These are called alkynes. Structure of alkynes:                                                               1-Butyne                                                            2- Butyne   This is how we memorise!! If you like my work, you can buy me a coffee.   

  Electrons are negatively charged particles whereas protons are positively charged particles.   Electrophiles are electron loving chemical species. Electrophiles may be either positively charged or neutral species. Electrophile examples: H ⊕ , Cl ⊕ , Br ⊕ , CH 3 ⊕ , SO3, BF3 Electrophiles have a lack of electrons so they are capable of accepting or taking electrons from electron rich species. Electrophiles accept electrons and hence behave as Lewis acids.   Nucleophiles are nucleus loving chemical species. Nucleophiles may be either negatively charged or neutral species. Nucleophile examples: Cl ⊝ , Br ⊝ , CH 3 ⊝ , OH ⊝ , NH 2 ⊝ , H2O, NH Nucleophiles have an excess of electrons so they are capable of donating or giving electrons to electron deficient species.  Nucleophiles donate electrons and hence behave as Lewis bases. Electrophile taking electrons from nucleophile :P “Milagros pueden suceder.” “Miracles can happen.”

Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness of a system. The term order means presence of symmetry whereas disorder means lack of symmetry.                                                                              Entropy (or disorder) is all around you. Cells within your body are dying, the floor is getting dusty, conflicts are taking place around the world, cars are prone to rusting, etc. The entire universe is marching towards chaos or disorder. This suggests that the entropy (or disorder) of the universe is always increasing. Energy or work must be put into the system, in order to bring the system back to a state of order because a state of order leads to stability whereas disorder leads to instability or chaos.  For example, cars are prone to rusting, therefore, a car must be maintained with work in order to keep it in an ordered state to prevent rusting.  The greater the disorder in a system, the higher is the entropy.   For a given substance, the solid state is

  Energy exists in many different forms. The different types of energy include light energy, heat energy, chemical energy, sound energy, etc. Each form can be converted or changed into other forms. For example, when you burn a piece of wood, the chemical energy stored in the wood changes to heat and light energy. The branch of science which deals with the study of different forms of energy and the relationships between them is known as Thermodynamics.   TERMS USED IN THERMODYNAMICS:      SYSTEM AND SURROUNDINGS When a reaction occurs in a jar, everything inside the jar is the system and everything outside the jar is the surroundings.                                        The part of the universe which is kept under observation is known as the System and the remaining portion of the universe is called Surroundings.     WORK Work is said to be done when an object moves as a result of force (push or pull) applied to it.